Does sorption of sulfuryl fluoride by wheat reduce its efficacy against adults and eggs of Rhyzopertha dominica?

Abstract

Despite its growing importance as a fumigant for grain, there is no information on the impact of sorption on the efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) against target insect pests. Eggs and adults of a major grain pest, Rhyzopertha dominica, living in wheat (12% m.c.), were fumigated with SF at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L for 168 h at 25 °C. Sorption of the fumigant by the grain followed an exponential decay and reduced the mortality rates of both adults and eggs. The partition ratio (K), a measure of physical sorption, had a strong impact on mortality of both adults and eggs. The quadratic model showed the best fit to the data and turning points in the relationship indicated that although mortality increased as concentration increased, physical sorption removed fumigant resulting in a decrease in the mortality rate. There was a linear relationship between mortality and the rate of sorption (k) of SF by the wheat. At each concentration, mortality rate increased as k increased despite sorption continuing, indicating that the chemical sorption rate had little impact on mortality. Sorption of SF into the commodity has the potential to reduce the biological efficacy of the fumigant resulting in potential control failures. Concentration x time protocols may need to be revised to account for this phenomenon.