Abstract
Planning and execution are two important parts of the problem-solving process. Based on related research, it is expected that planning speed and execution speed are positively correlated because of underlying individual differences in general mental speed. While there could also be a direct negative dependency of execution time on planning time, given the hypothesis that an investment in planning contributes to more efficient execution. The positive correlation and negative dependency are not contradictory since the former is a relationship across individuals (at the latent variable level) and the latter is a relationship within individuals (at the manifest variable level) after controlling for across-individual relationships. With two linear mixed model analyses and a factor model analysis, these two different kinds of relationships were examined using dependency analysis. The results supported the above hypotheses. The correlation between the latent variables of planning and execution was found to be positive and the dependency of execution time on planning time was found to be negative in all analyses. Moreover, the negative dependency varied among items and to some extent among persons as well. In summary, this study provides a clearer picture of the relationship between planning and execution and suggests that analyses at different levels may reveal different relationships.
Highlights
From daily routine to professional life, we encounter problems to be solved almost all the time and everywhere
Analogous with the finding that mental speed has a positive correlation with measures of intelligence [10,11,26], planning speed and execution speed are likely to be associated with problem-solving ability, which is considered to be involved in the game-based assessment of this study
As for the relationship at the manifest variable level after controlling for latent variables, estimates of the fixed dependency parameter ω in the linear mixed model (LMM) analysis and estimates of the itemwise residual correlations in factor analysis are consistent with the negative dependency hypothesis
Summary
From daily routine to professional life, we encounter problems to be solved almost all the time and everywhere. Problem solving helps us to eradicate issues and to achieve success. A problem is described as having three general states: an initial state (seeing the problem), a goal state (problem solved), and an action state in between, with steps the problem solver takes to transform the initial state into the goal state that are often not obvious [1]. Problem solving involves a sequence of operations to transform the initial state into the goal state [2]. Good problem solving requires both accurate planning (finding the sequence of operations) and efficient execution (putting the plan into practice). Planning involves the ability of searching for a promising solution from a problem
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