Abstract
Placebo analgesia is pain reduction evoked by an inert treatment and is mediated by at least two psychological factors: expectations for pain relief and classical conditioning (eg, pairing sham treatment with pain reduction). Brain imaging studies suggest that supraspinal regions involved with descending modulation of pain are activated during placebo analgesia, but evidence for inhibition of spinal nociception is mixed. For example, one study failed to show that the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR, physiological measure of spinal nociception) was inhibited by placebo.
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