Abstract
The study conducted during (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) at Plant Protection Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt on tomato variety 765 planted on the 10th of September for each season in an approximate area (315 m2) in order to compare the efficiency of three Neonicotinoids [Thiamethoxam (Actara 25% WG), Imidacloprid (Best 25% WP ), Acetamiprid (Mospildate 20% SP)] in Nano and commercial formulation size using recommended dose for them and the half-recommended dose for nano-insecticides against tomato leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae). The randomized complete block design (RCBD) was applied with three replicates/ treatment and three control in a total of 21 plots. The replicate (plot) size was 3 ×3.5 m and consists of three rows planted with 5 plants/ row. The nano and commercial insecticide sizes showed highly significant results in reducing the infestations of mines in tomato during the studied seasons in the first and second week after (1st and 2nd) spray compared with control. The nano-thiamethoxam 1x was the best for mines reduction followed by nano–acetamiprid, and nano-imidacloprid. However, there were no significant differences between commercial and nano-formulations in mines reduction % and the highest reductions showed by nano treatments. However, the treated tomato by the half-recommended rate of nano and commercial formulations showed the same reduction results.
Highlights
One of the most daily consumed crops all over the world is tomato, Lycopersicon escuentum Mill (Family: Solanaceae) which is characterized by high nutritional value (Singh, 2017)
Nanoformulations showed more effectiveness in decreasing leaf mines than the commercial size at the same recommended rate in both seasons. These results could occur because nanoformulation increases the efficiency of insecticides and reduces the dose level required to control due to the small sizes of nanoparticles which makes insecticides more penetrative into leaf tissue and reach to target leaf miner
The obtained results are in agreement with the findings of (Ahmed et al, 2020) and (Memarizadeh et al, 2014) who found that mortality percentages of Glyphodes pyloalis's larvae was increased in leaf dip bioassay experiment by nano-imidacloprid with an obvious reduction in insecticide concentration and LC50 decreased to 4.82 and 9.05-fold less than the commercial size of imidacloprid; respectively
Summary
One of the most daily consumed crops all over the world is tomato, Lycopersicon escuentum Mill (Family: Solanaceae) which is characterized by high nutritional value (Singh, 2017). Tomato crops are vulnerable to attack by various insect pests such as leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by (Patra et al, 2016). The leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an example of tomato pest risk where the larvae cause mines in leaves of agricultural and ornamental plants by feeding on leaf tissues forming tunnels in the leaves for large variety of crops (López et al, 2010). Tomato fruits are likely to retain high levels of pesticide residues that may be hazardous to consumers but may affect the quality of exports (Patra et al, 2016). The modification of insecticide size into nano-formulations with different dose applications might be a promising solution to overcome problems related to insecticide doses and efficiency with following up their residual levels in the tomato fruit
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