Abstract
Objective To assess if incorporating ethanolic extract of propolis into ceramic-reinforced glass ionomer (Amalgomer CR) might have an influence on its physicomechanical properties. Materials and Methods Three groups were assessed; group I: Amalgomer CR (control) and two experimental groups (II and III) of propolis added to the liquid of Amalgomer CR with 25 and 50 v/v %, respectively. Evaluation parameters were color stability, compressive strength, microhardness, and surface roughness. Representative specimens of each group were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the results, followed by a Tukey post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results Nonsignificant color change for both groups of modified Amalgomer CR. Meanwhile, the two experimental groups exhibited a significant increase in both compressive strength and microhardness. Simultaneously, there was a significant difference in roughness values among groups with the lowest roughness values exhibited by the 50 v/v % propolis concentration. Conclusions Modification of Amalgomer CR with 50 v/v % propolis may increase its mechanical properties without compromising its esthetic. Clinical Significance. Modification of Amalgomer CR by 50 v/v % propolis is supposed to be a hopeful restorative material with favorable characteristics.
Highlights
The maximum prevention and minimally invasive approaches in the dental field are the primary concern for the development of new techniques and materials
Each 25 g of propolis was dissolved in 250 mL of ethanol 80% at room temperature using a magnetic stirrer for about 24 hours. en, the extract of propolis was cleared from harsh using a filter to generate ethanolic extract propolis (EEP)
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of Amalgomer sample and samples that contain different volume fractions of propolis show the identity of glass ionomer cement represented by the main strong band located at about 1055 cm−1 attributed to Si–O–Si vibrations from SiO2-containing fillers, while the bands in the region 400–600 cm−1 can be related to their respective metallic partner
Summary
The maximum prevention and minimally invasive approaches in the dental field are the primary concern for the development of new techniques and materials. Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) has been developed depending on the elimination of caries with hand instruments and restoring the tooth with an adhesive substance [1]. Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is the preferred material due to its excellent properties such as low cytotoxicity, potentiality for hard tissues regeneration, low coefficient of thermal expansion, good adhesion to moist tooth structure, and anticariogenic properties because of the fluoride ion release [2, 3]. GIC has an acceptable biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity [4]. Due to this antimicrobial potentiality, the association of known antimicrobial agents, like propolis, chlorhexidine, and antibiotics to GICs, has been widely studied [5,6,7]. In difficult clinical conditions as in ART, it may be of a large importance [8]
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