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Abstract
Objective: To identify the effect of music on outpatient-based cystoscopy.Methods: We systematically reviewed the effect of music on all reported outpatient for cystoscopy and extracted data from randomized trials from inception to February 3, 2021, with no language restrictions. The analysis was completed via STATA version 14.2.Results: A total of 27 studies were initially identified, and 6 articles containing 639 patients were included in the final analysis. In terms of post-procedural pain perception, a pooled analysis of 6 articles containing 639 patients showed that music seems to improve discomfort in patients who undergo cystoscopy (WMD: −1.72; 95%CI: −2.37 to −1.07). This improvement remained consistent in patients undergoing flexible cystoscopy (FC) (WMD: −1.18; 95% CI: −1.39 to −0.98) and rigid cystoscopy (RC) (WMD: −2.56; 95% CI: −3.64 to −1.48). The music group also had less post-procedural anxiety than those in no music group during cystoscopy (WMD: −13.33; 95% CI: −21.61 to −5.06), which was in accordance with the result of FC (WMD: −4.82; 95% CI: −6.38 to −3.26) than RC (WMD: −26.05; 95% CI: −56.13 to 4.04). Besides, we detected a significantly lower post-procedural heart rate (HR) in the music group than no music group during cystoscopy (WMD: −4.04; 95% CI: −5.38 to −2.71), which is similar to the results of subgroup analysis for FC (WMD: −3.77; 95% CI: −5.84 to −1.70) and RC (WMD: −4.24; 95% CI: −5.98 to −2.50). A pooled analysis of three trials indicated that patients in the music group had significantly higher post-operative satisfaction visual analog scale (VAS) scores than those in the no-music group during RC. However, there was no significant difference between the music group and no music group regarding post-procedural systolic pressures (SPs) during cystoscopy (WMD: −3.08; 95% CI: −8.64 to 2.49). For male patients undergoing cystoscopy, the music seemed to exert a similar effect on decreasing anxiety and pain, and it might serve as a useful adjunct to increase procedural satisfaction.Conclusions: These findings indicate that listening to music contributes to the improvement of pain perception, HR, and anxiety feeling during cystoscopy, especially for male patients undergoing RC. Music might serve as a simple, inexpensive, and effective adjunct to sedation during cystoscopy.
Highlights
Cystoscopy is well-recognized as one of the most frequent procedures in outpatient urology, which is almost performed under local anesthesia
Patients in the music group had less post-procedural anxiety feeling than those in no music group during cystoscopy (WMD: −13.33; 95% CI: −21.61 to −5.06), which was in accordance with the result of flexible cystoscopy (FC) (WMD: −4.82; 95% CI: −6.38 to −3.26) than rigid cystoscopy (RC) (WMD: −26.05; 95% CI: −56.13 to 4.04)
We detected a significantly lower post-procedural heart rate (HR) in the music group than no music group during cystoscopy (WMD: −4.04; 95% CI: −5.38 to −2.71), which is similar to the results of subgroup analysis for FC (WMD: −3.77; 95% CI: −5.84 to −1.70) and RC (WMD: −4.24; 95% CI: −5.98 to −2.50)
Summary
Cystoscopy is well-recognized as one of the most frequent procedures in outpatient urology, which is almost performed under local anesthesia. Urologists usually recommend their patients for a cystoscopy to figure out the etiology of lower urinary tract symptoms, such as hematuria, suspicious bladder tumor, and recurrent urinary tract infections [1, 2]. The feelings of pain and anxiety discourage many patients from undergoing this clinical examination [2]. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of music as an adjunct to routine local anesthesia in reducing pain and anxiety in patients undergoing cystoscopy
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