Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance, with a decrease in insulin sensitivity during pregnancy, with recognition in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and disappearing after delivery. This mini-review is to provide a broad view of some recent studies that investigated the placental morphology in cases of maternal diagnosis of gestational diabetes. A literature search was carried out in PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar data sources, verifying the morphological characteristics of the placenta in situations of diagnosis of gestational diabetes, through prospective and observational studies, with the key terms “gestational diabetes”, “placenta” and ‘morphological”. We show, in table format, the studies carried out between 2015 and 2020 with the main placental morphological changes that reflect the condition of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus, the most considered in the literature, increase in placental weight and thickness. It was evident that there are still few studies on placental changes, requiring the encouragement of scientific productions on the approach. In conclusion, understanding the mechanism of placental development allows the assessment of changes when pregnant women are diagnosed with GDM, taking into account therapeutic strategies that can intervene in glycemic and metabolic control, in order to ensure maternal-fetal health.
Highlights
In 1674, the British physician Thomas Willis introduced the term 'diabetes mellitus' (DM), defining it as 'Pissing Evil', but it was only in 1776 that Matthew Dobson associated the urine of diabetics with an increase in glucose in the body (Vecchio et al, 2018)
The main objective of this minireview is to provide a broad view of some recent studies that investigated the placental morphology in cases of maternal diagnosis of gestational diabetes
Corangiosis, ischemia, clinical hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia and placental endothelial dysfunction are associated with Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which can lead to fetal morbidity and stillbirth (Ramírez-Emiliano et al, 2017; Kadivar et al, 2020)
Summary
In 1674, the British physician Thomas Willis introduced the term 'diabetes mellitus' (DM), defining it as 'Pissing Evil', but it was only in 1776 that Matthew Dobson associated the urine of diabetics with an increase in glucose in the body (Vecchio et al, 2018). DM is a chronic disease, described as a group of disorders, whose main characteristic is the elevation of blood glucose (Cho et al, 2018) This increase in blood glucose levels can lead to microvascular complications, affecting the retina, kidneys and peripheral nerves, and macrovascular complications such as clinical conditions of myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral arterial disease (Egan & Dinneen, 2019; Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee et al, 2018). It has had an impact on people's quality of life, being among the 10 leading causes of death, with global prevalence estimates of 578 million in 2030 and 700 million in 2045, with a greater occurrence in developed countries (Saeedi et al, 2019). The main objective of this minireview is to provide a broad view of some recent studies that investigated the placental morphology in cases of maternal diagnosis of gestational diabetes
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