Does formalization make a difference in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM)? Insights from the Philippines

Abstract

Policy-makers have looked at formalization as a critical step towards resolving the social and environmental challenges associated with informal gold mining. In contrast with informal gold mines, formal mines are believed to minimize miners’ negative impact on the environment, and to offer better working conditions. Based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data gathered in Agusan del Sur, Philippines, we argue that this overly optimistic view conceals how, at least in the domain of working conditions, formal mining may replicate rather than alleviate some of the challenges typically associated with informal mining. In the Philippines, formalization seemingly fails to address some of the structural disadvantages facing workers at the lower end of the labour hierarchy. At the same time, we find that workers do have a clear preference for non-standardized forms of remuneration. Based on these observations, we argue (1) that formalization efforts need to take into account the needs and preferences of those involved; and (2) that these preferences do not always align with mainstream notions of decent work.