Abstract
Applying the sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission trading system (ETS) as an exogenous shock to environmental regulation, we conduct a quasi-natural experiment to investigate the impact of environmental regulation on labor investment efficiency. Our results indicate that SO2 ETS impedes a firm's labor investment efficiency. This effect is driven by the firm's over-firing or under-hiring behaviors, not by the lower total investment efficiency. Moreover, we show that the impact of SO2 ETS is more pronounced in firms with higher agency costs and high labor adjusting costs. Besides, the low labor investment efficiency is not substantial for state-owned enterprises.
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