Abstract
We examine whether the ESOP (employee stock ownership program) has a significant effect on a company’s stock volatility during the Covid-19 lockdown. We find that although banks’ stock prices were more volatile in response to the rise of covid-19 confirmed cases, banks with ESOP showed significantly lower volatility than banks without ESOP. To identify the causal effect of the ESOP implementation, we use the ESOP-culture-index of each country as an instrumental variable.
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