Does ’class count’? The evolution of health inequalities by social class in early 21st century China (2002–2013)

Abstract

ABSTRACT Does social class matter in understanding health inequalities in early 21st century China, when the country experienced unprecedented social stratification? Using nationally representative data from the latest waves of China Household Income Project surveys, we examine to what extent an individual’s health is structured by social class and how that structure evolved. We draw on a neo-Marxist measure of social class to tap into the hidden mechanism that engenders and sustains inequalities. Four classes are defined based primarily on their relationships to productive resources: owners/managers, professionals/skilled workers, less-skilled workers, and farmers. Such a measure has not been considered in the health gradient literature in the Chinese context. Our results show that, despite remedial policies that helped mitigate economic inequalities, inequalities in health have mostly widened during the early years of the current century between the ‘haves’, who own productive assets and/or managerial authority, and the ‘have-nots’. In 2002, self-rated health (SRH) was not clearly associated with class rank; in 2007, when China’s economic inequality reached a historical zenith, a gradational pattern between SRH and class emerged, and the largest health gap was found between the class of owners/managers and farmers; in 2013, when China’s income inequality reached a plateau, the health gap between owners/managers and less-skilled workers grew larger. Further, we identify job security as a mediator that links class and health among the lower social strata. In addition to improving the health of the disadvantaged, policies designed to narrow health inequalities should be orientated towards addressing social stratification.