Abstract
High levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have the potential to buffer against physical and mental health impairments, which can result from exposure to occupational stress. Police officers are especially at risk of high psychosocial stress; therefore, effective intervention strategies are warranted. Given this background, the purpose of the present study was to examine whether police officers with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness differ with regard to their (a) physiological stress reactivity during acute real-life stress situations, and (b) physiological recovery related to acute and chronic work stress. In total, 201 police officers took part in this study (M = 38.6 years, SD = 10.1, 35.8% females). Officers were contacted eight times on a smartphone during their workday, and asked to report their current level of positive and negative affect, as well as feelings of stress and anger. Physiological stress responses and recovery (heart rate variability) were assessed using Movisens EcgMove3 devices. The Åstrand bicycle ergometer test was used to assess participants' cardiorespiratory fitness. Chronic work stress was assessed using the effort-reward imbalance model and the job strain model. Multilevel modeling was used to test buffering effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on physiological stress reactivity. Linear regression was applied to test stress-buffering effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on physiological recovery. Results showed lowered physiological stress reactivity to acute work stress in officers with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, these results were not consistent, with no effects occurring for feelings of anger, positive affect, and negative affect. Chronic work stress (effort-reward imbalance) was related to lower physiological recovery. Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively related to physiological recovery. Data did not support interactions between work stress and cardiorespiratory fitness on physiological recovery. To some extent, cardiorespiratory fitness seems to have the potential to buffer stress reactivity in police officers in acute stress situations. Therefore, we encourage promoting fitness programs which aim to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness in stressful occupations such as law enforcement. Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness might further enhance physiological recovery from chronic work stress, which is thought to improve cardiovascular health.
Highlights
Psychosocial stress is ubiquitous in modern society [1]
The sample was compared to the entire police corps of Basel-Stadt (N = 980 officers), showing significantly younger mean age (t-test compared to 41.88 years: t(172) = −5.69, p < 0.01), but no significant differences in gender ratio (t-test compared to 29.6% women)
Our results showed partial support for the potential of Cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) to buffer cardiovascular reactivity when police officers are exposed to acute work-related stress
Summary
Psychosocial stress is ubiquitous in modern society [1]. not regarded as negative per se, health complaints can occur when individual's coping capacities are exceeded. Berntson and Cacioppo [7] argue that mechanisms of stress which affect health involve at least four process components: exposure, reactivity, recovery, and restoration. Reactivity refers to the strength of a (physiological) stress reaction in relation to a baseline value. This could be an elevated heart rate following a stress event. Recovery is understood the amount of time required until an individual has returned to baseline level following a stress reaction. Restoration, a more unique concept, refers to “anabolic processes that refresh or repair the organism, because stress may directly impede our ability to perform these functions (e.g., disturbed sleep and impaired wound healing)” Restoration, a more unique concept, refers to “anabolic processes that refresh or repair the organism, because stress may directly impede our ability to perform these functions (e.g., disturbed sleep and impaired wound healing)” (p. 609)
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