Abstract
Device therapy for heart failure has become a wellestablished treatment for moderate to severely symptomatic heart failure through improved symptoms, exercise capacity, reverse remodeling, and morbidity with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) [1–3]. The survival benefit of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) has been well documented in clinical trials in patients with mild to moderate symptoms [4, 5], and CRT without an ICD also improved survival in more advanced patients, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or ambulatory class IV heart failure [3]. More recently, CRT studies have shown a reduction in heart failure hospitalization and improved left ventricular (LV) function and dimensions in milder heart failure (NYHA class I and II), primarily for QRS duration over 150 ms [6, 7]; however, no mortality difference was found with the addition of CRT in this milder heart failure population.
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