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Abstract
Imbalance in shoulder rotator muscles is a well-documented problem in swimmers, and it is important to implement land-based strength training programs. Meanwhile, the effects of a detraining period on swimmers' shoulder rotator muscles are unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a strength training program and detraining on the strength and balance of shoulder rotator cuff muscles in young swimmers, despite the continuity of usual water training. An experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20) of young male swimmers with the same characteristics (age, body mass, height, training volume, and maturational state) were evaluated. In both groups, the peak torques of shoulder internal (IR) and external (ER) rotators were assessed during preseason, midseason (16 weeks), and postseason (32 weeks). The experimental group underwent a strength training regimen from baseline to 16 weeks and a detraining period from 16 to 32 weeks. Concentric action at 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1 was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. The ER/IR strength ratios were obtained. At 60°·s-1, there were significant increments in IR strength and the ER/IR ratio in both shoulders. This trend was the same throughout the competitive season. The tendency was the same at 180°·s-1 because training effects were noted primarily in IR and ER/IR ratios. Moreover, the absence of land-based strength training, from 16 to 32 weeks, revealed a reduction in the ER/IR ratio values in both shoulders. Our findings suggest that young swimmers' coaches should use dry-land strength training protocols, and that it is recommended that these should be conducted on a regular basis (during the whole season).
Highlights
The aging population is a reality that has come to increase.[1]
Increasing age is a strong and consistent predictor of institutionalization,[6] but it is not the only one. Other factors such as health, education, civil status, smoking and alcohol use are associated with the probability of being in an institution.[22]
Our results suggest that civil status may be a factor to consider on institutionalization as shown by previous studies.[22]
Summary
The aging population is a reality that has come to increase.[1] In Portugal, the elderly population over 65 years is 17.9% of the total population, slightly above the European average, and where the population ≥75 years, accounts for 46.8% of older people.[2] In recent years the number of older people living in institutional long-term care has been gradually increasing, ranging from 1-4% of elderly ≥65 years.[3] This condition is influenced by the increased life expectancy, disability and increased dependence of the elderly.[4] Increasing age is a strong predictor of institutionalization,[5] but other factors such as functional, cognitive or health problems, increase the need for attention and the risk of institutionalization of community-dwelling older adults.[6] when older adults maintain their health and independence, aging at home is usually regarded as the most suitable place for caretaking.[7]
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