Does an Antibiotic Stewardship Applied in a Pig Farm Lead to Low ESBL Prevalence?

Abstract

Background. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of intestinal carriage of colistin-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales among pigs from a Swiss farm attending an animal health and antibiotic stewardship program and to determine the associated mechanisms of resistance. Materials/Methods. Eighty-one fecal samples were recovered and screened for either β-lactam-resistant, colistin-resistant, or aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacterales, using respective screening media. All recovered isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and their clonal relationship (PFGE and MLST). Plasmid typing was performed by plasmid-based replicon typing (PBRT). Resistance genes were searched by PCR and sequencing. Results. A total of 38 ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and a single ESBL-producing Enterobacter cloacae were recovered from 81 pigs, corresponding to a prevalence of 50%, no other β-lactamase producer being identified. Among the 38 ESBL-producing E. coli, all belonged to sequence type (ST) ST10, except two ST34 and ST744 isolates. Among the ST10-blaCTX-M-1 isolates, three subclones (n = 22, n = 13, and n = 1, respectively) were identified according to the PFGE analysis. The most commonly identified IncI1 plasmid harboring the blaCTX-M-1 gene was 143 kb in size and coharbored other resistance genes. Only three colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates were recovered, namely two Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and a single E. cloacae isolate. Screening for the plasmid-borne mcr-1 to mcr-9 genes in these three isolates gave negative results. The two K. pneumoniae isolates were clonally related, belonged to ST76, and harbored a truncated mgrB chromosomal gene being the source of colistin resistance. Conclusion. A high prevalence of fecal carriage of ESBL-producing E. coli was found, being mainly caused by the spread of a clonal lineage within the farm. By contrast, a low prevalence of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales was found.