Abstract
BackgroundOmega-3 fatty acids are dietary essentials, and the current low intakes in most modern developed countries are believed to contribute to a wide variety of physical and mental health problems. Evidence from clinical trials indicates that dietary supplementation with long-chain omega-3 may improve child behavior and learning, although most previous trials have involved children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Here we investigated whether such benefits might extend to the general child population.ObjectivesTo determine the effects of dietary supplementation with the long-chain omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the reading, working memory, and behavior of healthy schoolchildren.DesignParallel group, fixed-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (RCT).SettingMainstream primary schools in Oxfordshire, UK (n = 74).ParticipantsHealthy children aged 7–9 years initially underperforming in reading (≤33rd centile). 1376 invited, 362 met study criteria.Intervention600 mg/day DHA (from algal oil), or taste/color matched corn/soybean oil placebo.Main Outcome MeasuresAge-standardized measures of reading, working memory, and parent- and teacher-rated behavior.ResultsITT analyses showed no effect of DHA on reading in the full sample, but significant effects in the pre-planned subgroup of 224 children whose initial reading performance was ≤20th centile (the target population in our original study design). Parent-rated behavior problems (ADHD-type symptoms) were significantly reduced by active treatment, but little or no effects were seen for either teacher-rated behaviour or working memory.ConclusionsDHA supplementation appears to offer a safe and effective way to improve reading and behavior in healthy but underperforming children from mainstream schools. Replication studies are clearly warranted, as such children are known to be at risk of low educational and occupational outcomes in later life.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01066182 and Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN99771026
Highlights
Omega-3 fatty acids are dietary essentials, but intakes are low by historical standards in most modern developed countries [1]
intention-to-treat principle (ITT) analyses showed no effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on reading in the full sample, but significant effects in the pre-planned subgroup of 224 children whose initial reading performance was #20th centile
Parent-rated behavior problems (ADHD-type symptoms) were significantly reduced by active treatment, but little or no effects were seen for either teacher-rated behaviour or working memory
Summary
Omega-3 fatty acids are dietary essentials, but intakes are low by historical standards in most modern developed countries [1]. Prior to this study there was already some evidence from randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) that dietary supplementation with omega-3 long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) may have benefits for child behavior and learning [5,6]. Almost all such studies had involved populations with specific developmental conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia or developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Evidence from clinical trials indicates that dietary supplementation with long-chain omega-3 may improve child behavior and learning, most previous trials have involved children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or developmental coordination disorder (DCD). We investigated whether such benefits might extend to the general child population
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