Docking of μ-Conotoxin GIIIA in the Sodium Channel Outer Vestibule

Abstract

μ-Conotoxin GIIIA (μ-CTX) is a high-affinity ligand for the outer vestibule of selected isoforms of the voltage-gated Na+ channel. The detailed bases for the toxin’s high affinity binding and isoform selectivity are unclear. The outer vestibule is lined by four pore-forming (P) loops, each with an acidic residue near the mouth of the vestibule. μ-CTX has seven positively charged residues that may interact with these acidic P-loop residues. Using pair-wise alanine replacement of charged toxin and channel residues, in conjunction with double mutant cycle analysis, we determined coupling energies for specific interactions between each P-loop acidic residue and selected toxin residues to systematically establish quantitative restraints on the toxin orientation in the outer vestibule. Xenopus oocytes were injected with the mutant or native Na+ channel mRNA, and currents measured by two-electrode voltage clamp. Mutant cycle analysis revealed novel, strong, toxin-channel interactions between K9/E403, K11/D1241, K11/D1532, and R19/D1532. Experimentally determined coupling energies for interacting residue pairs provided restraints for molecular dynamics simulations of μ-CTX docking. Our simulations suggest a refined orientation of the toxin in the pore, with toxin basic side-chains playing key roles in high-affinity binding. This modeling also provides a set of testable predictions toxin-channel interactions, hitherto undescribed, that may contribute to high-affinity binding and channel isoform selectivity.