Abstract
BackgroundRising health spending is associated with high out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), catastrophic health spending (CHS), increasing poverty, and impoverishment. Though studies have examined poverty and impoverishment effect of health spending in India, there is limited research on the regional patterns of health spending by type of health centers. This paper tests the hypothesis that the poor people from the poorer states of India pay significantly more for hospitalization in public health centers than those in the richer states of India.MethodsData from the Social Consumption of Health Survey (71st round, 2014), carried out by the National Sample Survey (NSS) is used in the analyses. Descriptive statistics, log-linear regression model and tobit model were used to examine the determinants and variations in health spending.ResultsInter-state variations in the utilization of public health services and the OOPE on hospitalization are high in India. States with high levels of poverty make higher use of the public health centers and yet incur high OOPE. In 2014, the mean OOPE per episode of hospitalization in public health centers in India was ₹5688 and ₹4264 for the economically poor households. It was lowest in the economically developed state of Tamil Nadu and highest in the economically poorer state of Bihar. The OOPE per episode of hospitalization in public health centers among the poor in the poorer states was at least twice that in Tamil Nadu. Among the poor using public health centers, the share of direct cost account 24% in Tamil Nadu compared to over 80% in Bihar, Odisha and other poorer states. Adjusting for socio-economic correlates, the cost of hospitalization per episode (CHPE) among the poor using public health centers was 51% lower than for the non-poor using private health centers in India.ConclusionThe poor people in the poorer states in India pay significantly more to avail hospitalization in public health centers than those in the developed states. Provision of free medicines, surgery and free diagnostic tests in public health centers may reduce the high OOPE and medical poverty in India.
Highlights
Rising health spending is associated with high out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), catastrophic health spending (CHS), increasing poverty, and impoverishment
In 2014, the mean age of hospitalization was 34 years, the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) of the households was ₹1625, and it was the lowest among the poorer households who were hospitalized in public health centers (₹807) and the highest among the non-poor households who were hospitalized in private health centers (₹2245)
Barring Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, states that were economically better-off used more of the private health centers, while poorer states used more of the public health centers
Summary
Rising health spending is associated with high out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), catastrophic health spending (CHS), increasing poverty, and impoverishment. The high OOPE on health care affects the poor and the vulnerable the most, and has drawn considerable attention from researchers and policy makers in developing countries. Protecting people from increasing health care costs is a priority developmnet agenda worldwide. The high OOPE in developing countries leads to a reduction in the consumption of non-food goods [19], and increases the incidence of untreated morbidity, among the rural, poor, female-headed and elderly households [6, 20]. Owing to heavy reliance on direct OOPE and low financial protection by government health systems [1, 4] the poor often deprived of access to health care [25,26,27]. Evidence shows that UHC has helped reduce financial hardships in many developing countries but not progressive in India [29, 30]
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