Abstract
INTRODUCTIONNicotine dependence (ND) is a maladaptive pattern of tobacco smoking with withdrawal symptoms similar to other drug addictive disorders. It is very common in clinical practice that smokers always have different degrees of nicotine dependence with the same amount of tobacco consumption. Behaviors may influence daily cigarette consumption or smoking status. Hence it is critical to ascertain the association between concurrent behaviors and high nicotine dependence among smokers.METHODSA total of 343 patients who attended a clinic for smoking cessation were recruited, and the information on concurrent behaviors were recorded. Factors associated and not associated with nicotine dependence were recorded. Nicotine dependence was determined by Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND).RESULTSHigh ND patients (FTND >5) showed significant behaviors distribution compared with mild and moderate ND patients (FTND ≤5). There is no single behavior that was significantly different between high ND and mild and moderate ND smokers. However, the combined effects of nicotine dependence influencing behaviors of caffeine drinking and mental activities after dinner have an association with high ND (OR=1.939; 95% CI: 1.154–3.258, p=0.012). In addition, the combined effects of inadequate sleep time (<8 hours), caffeine drinking and mental activities after dinner significantly distinguished patients of high ND from those of low ND (OR=2.208; 95% CI: 1.032–4.737, p=0.042).CONCLUSIONSInteraction effects of mental activities after dinner and caffeine drinking have an association with high nicotine dependence. Sleep of less than 8 hours with behaviors of mental activities after dinner and caffeine drinking have the same effect.
Highlights
Nicotine dependence (ND) is a maladaptive pattern of tobacco smoking with withdrawal symptoms similar to other drug addictive disorders
Influencing and non-influencing behaviors were differently distributed in the FTND >5 group (Table 2) (p=0.002), indicating that exercise, sleep, sleep time ≥8 h and fruit consumption were not associated with high nicotine dependence, neither independently nor combined (Table 3)
We showed that the interaction of mental activities after dinner, caffeine drinking and sleep time
Summary
Nicotine dependence (ND) is a maladaptive pattern of tobacco smoking with withdrawal symptoms similar to other drug addictive disorders It is very common in clinical practice that smokers always have different degrees of nicotine dependence with the same amount of tobacco consumption. The combined effects of nicotine dependence influencing behaviors of caffeine drinking and mental activities after dinner have an association with high ND (OR=1.939; 95% CI: 1.154–3.258, p=0.012). Nicotine dependence (ND) is a maladaptive pattern of tobacco smoking with withdrawal symptoms similar to other drug addictive disorders; and has been defined by the Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—edition IV (DSM-IV)[3]. Non-influencing behaviors are those that have no influence on smoking cigarettes or nicotine dependence It is very common in clinical practice that smokers have different degrees of nicotine dependence with the same tobacco consumption. There is no evidence showing that influencing behaviors increase the risk of high ND or vice versa
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