Abstract
Evolution by variation and natural selection is often viewed as an optimization process that favors those organisms which are best adapted to their environment. This leaves open the issue of how to measure adaptation and what criterion is implied for optimization. This problem has been framed and analysed mathematically under the assumption that individuals compete to minimize expected losses across a series of decisions (e.g. choice of behavior), where each decision offers a stochastic payoff. But the fact that a particular analysis is tractable for a specified criterion does not imply the fidelity of that criterion. Computer simulations involving a version of the k -armed bandit problem can address the veracity of the hypothesis that individuals are selected to minimize expected losses. The results offered here do not support this hypothesis.
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