Do children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a different gait pattern? Relationship between idiopathic toe-walking and ADHD

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Idiopathic toe-walking (ITW) is described as a gait pattern with no contact between the heels and the ground in children older than 3 years. The diagnosis is clinical, making it necessary to rule out other neurological and orthopaedic conditions. A relationship between ITW and vestibular dysfunction and/or proprioceptive sensibility has been proposed. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (autism, language and cognitive disorders) often have ITW. Objectives To determine the frequency of ITW in children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (ADHD). Patients and method A study was conducted on children diagnosed with ADHD, with normal neurological examination, with no alterations in MRI scan, cognitive disorder or autism. A complete clinical anamnesis was performed and Achilles shortening was measured with a goniometer. Results The study included 312 children with a mean age of 11 years (73.7% boys). The ADHD combined subtype was the most frequent (53.8%), followed by the inattentive (44.9%), and hyperactive (1.3%). ITW was observed in 20.8% of patients, particularly in the combined subtype (P = .054). Only 32 of them (49.2%) had Achilles shortening. ITW was associated with sociability disorders (P = .01), absence of pain in legs (P = .022), and family history of ITW (P = .004). Only 11% had previously visited a doctor for this reason. Conclusions As in other neurodevelopmental disorders, children with ADHD have frequently more ITW and Achilles shortening than controls, especially if they presented with a social communication disorder or a family history of ITW. An early diagnosis is essential to establish effective treatments.