Abstract
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ruper. et Maxim.) Maxim is a traditional Chinese medicine. The saponin components of E. senticosus have several biological effects, including reduction of blood lipids; protection against liver, heart, and vascular disease; and antitumor activity. The DNA methylation of E. senticosus farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS), squalene synthase (SS), and squalene epoxidase (SE) gene promoters and the mechanism of the influence of these enzymes on saponin synthesis and accumulation in E. senticosus were explored using bisulfite sequencing technology, real-time PCR, the vanillin-concentrated sulfuric acid chromogenic method, and LC-MS. There are 19 DNA methylation sites and 8 methylation types in the FPS gene. The SS gene has nine DNA methylation sites and two DNA methylation types. The SE gene has 16 DNA methylation sites and 7 methylation types. The total saponin content in the high and low DNA methylation groups were 1.07 ± 0.12 and 2.92 ± 0.32 mg/g, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the gene expression of the FPS, SS, and SE genes was significantly positively correlated with the saponin content (p < 0.05), and that the methylation ratio was significantly negatively correlated with the saponin content (p < 0.01), while the expression of the SS and SE genes was significantly positively correlated (p < 0.01). A total of 488 metabolites were detected from E. senticosus and 100 different metabolites were screened out by extensive targeted metabolomics. The amount of most metabolites related to the mevalonate pathway was higher in the low DNA methylation group than in the high DNA methylation group. It was demonstrated that there are DNA methylation sites in the promoter regions of the FPS, SS, and SE genes of E. senticosus, and DNA methylation in this region could significantly inhibit synthesis in the mevalonate pathway, thus reducing the content of the final product E. senticosus saponin.
Highlights
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ruper. et Maxim.) Maxim is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has the effect of tranquilizing the mind, invigorating the spleen, invigorating qi, tonifying the kidney, and an anti-fatigue effect [1]
Many enzymes are involved in the catalysis, including farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS), which catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) [5] and squalene synthase (SS) [6], which catalyzes the synthesis of the first precursor of sterol and triterpene compounds, catalyzing the production of two molecules of FPP
There were eight types of FPS gene promoter DNA methylation sites detected in the sample
Summary
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ruper. et Maxim.) Maxim is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has the effect of tranquilizing the mind, invigorating the spleen, invigorating qi, tonifying the kidney, and an anti-fatigue effect [1]. The only way to generate the various types of triterpene compounds is from isoprene, step by step through the mevalonate pathway [4]. In this process, many enzymes are involved in the catalysis, including farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS), which catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) [5] and squalene synthase (SS) [6], which catalyzes the synthesis of the first precursor of sterol and triterpene compounds, catalyzing the production of two molecules of FPP. Squalene epoxidase (SE), which catalyzes the oxidation of squalene to 2, 3-oxysqualene [7], is recognized as one of the three key cascade enzymes in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins [8]
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