DNA methylation and Mycoplasma genomes.

Abstract

DNA methylation is one of the many hypotheses proposed to explain the observed deficiency in CpG dinucleotides in a variety of genomes covering a wide taxonomic distribution. Recent studies challenged the methylation hypothesis on empirical grounds. First, it cannot explain why the Mycoplasma genitalium genome exhibits strong CpG deficiency without DNA methylation. Second, it cannot explain the great variation in CpG deficiency between M. genitalium and M. pneumoniae that also does not have CpG-specific methyltransferase genes. I analyzed the genomic sequences of these Mycoplasma species together with the recently sequenced genomes of M. pulmonis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Staphylococcus aureus, and found the results fully compatible with the methylation hypothesis. In particular, I present compelling empirical evidence to support the following scenario. The common ancestor of the three Mycoplasma species has CpG-specific methyltransferases, and has evolved strong CpG deficiency as a result of the specific DNA methylation. Subsequently, this ancestral genome diverged into M. pulmonis and the common ancestor of M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium. M. pulmonis has retained methyltransferases and exhibits the strongest CpG deficiency. The common ancestor lost the methyltransferase gene and then diverged into M. genitalium and M. pneumoniae. M. genitalium and M. pneumoniae, after losing methylation activities, began to regain CpG dinucleotides through random mutation. M. genitalium evolved more slowly than M. pneumoniae, gained relatively fewer CpG dinucleotides, and is more CpG-deficient.