Abstract
HIV-1 infection is a major health threat in both developed and developing countries. The integration of mobile health approaches and bioengineered catalytic motors can allow the development of sensitive and portable technologies for HIV-1 management. Here, we report a platform that integrates cellphone-based optical sensing, loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification and micromotor motion for molecular detection of HIV-1. The presence of HIV-1 RNA in a sample results in the formation of large-sized amplicons that reduce the motion of motors. The change in the motors motion can be accurately measured using a cellphone system as the biomarker for target nucleic acid detection. The presented platform allows the qualitative detection of HIV-1 (n = 54) with 99.1% specificity and 94.6% sensitivity at a clinically relevant threshold value of 1000 virus particles/ml. The cellphone system has the potential to enable the development of rapid and low-cost diagnostics for viruses and other infectious diseases.
Highlights
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is a major health threat in both developed and developing countries
The motor preparation reaction includes the direct coupling of AuNPs and PtNPs to the surface of amine-functionalized PS beads using a heterobifunctional crosslinker of succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP)
Most of the point-of care (POC) HIV diagnostics such as lateral flow assays, including dipsticks or enzyme immunoassays (ELISA), and OraQuick HIV test kit target the detection of antibodies against HIV and lack the capability to detect acute HIV infection even at high viral load of HIV48,49
Summary
HIV-1 infection is a major health threat in both developed and developing countries. The integration of mobile health approaches and bioengineered catalytic motors can allow the development of sensitive and portable technologies for HIV-1 management. The global cellphone adoption and cellphone adoption in just Africa has jumped to almost 4.8 billion and 0.5 billion, respectively in 2016 and will reach to 5.7 billion and 0.725 billion by 2020, respectively[8,9,10] Such significant cellphone adoption in resource-poor settings combined with its powerful computing ability and built-in sensors present a promising potential in developing mobile health (mhealth) tools and surveillance diagnostics that can help us in closing the gap in infectious disease management through providing appropriate diagnostic solutions[11,12,13]. Motion-based optical sensing does not require bulky optical components or expensive equipment usually used for fluorescent-based microscopy It can allow rapid testing compared to the conventional nucleic acid detection methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)[25,27,28].
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