DNA Electrotransfer Regulates Molecular Functions in Skeletal Muscle

Abstract

Background: Tissues, such as skeletal muscle, have been targeted for the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding vaccines and therapeutics. The application of electric pulses (electroporation or electrotransfer) increases cell membrane permeability to enhance plasmid delivery and expression. However, the molecular effects of DNA electrotransfer on the muscle tissue are poorly characterized. Materials and Methods: Four hours after intramuscular plasmid electrotransfer, we evaluated gene expression changes by RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) pathway enrichment analysis. Results: GO analysis highlighted many enriched molecular functions. The terms regulated by pulse application were related to muscle stress, the cytoskeleton and inflammation. The terms regulated by pDNA injection were related to a DNA-directed response and its control. Several terms regulated by pDNA electrotransfer were similar to those regulated by pulse application. However, the terms related to pDNA injection differed, focusing on entry of the plasmid into the cells and intracellular trafficking. Conclusion: Each muscle stimulus resulted in specific regulated molecular functions. Identifying the unique intrinsic molecular changes driven by intramuscular DNA electrotransfer will aid in the design of preventative and therapeutic gene therapies.