Abstract
BackgroundTaxonomy that utilizes morphological characteristics has been the gold standard method to identify mosquito species. However, morphological identification is challenging when the expertise is limited and external characters are damaged because of improper specimen handling. Therefore, we explored the applicability of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene-based DNA barcoding as an alternative tool to identify mosquito species. In the present study, we compared the morphological identification of mosquito specimens with their differentiation based on COI barcode, in order to establish a more reliable identification system for mosquito species found in Singapore.MethodsWe analysed 128 adult mosquito specimens, belonging to 45 species of 13 genera. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and other genera of mosquitoes and the distinctive clustering of different species was compared with their taxonomic identity.ResultsThe COI-based DNA barcoding achieved a 100% success rate in identifying the mosquito species. We also report COI barcode sequences of 16 mosquito species which were not available previously in sequence databases.ConclusionsOur study utilised for the first time DNA barcoding to identify mosquito species in Singapore. COI-based DNA barcoding is a useful tool to complement taxonomy-based identification of mosquito species.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0569-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Taxonomy that utilizes morphological characteristics has been the gold standard method to identify mosquito species
Laboratory strains of several mosquito species, namely Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linneaus, 1762), Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis (Wiedemann, 1828), Culex (Culex) vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Culex (Culex) pseudovishnui (Colless, 1957) Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), Lutzia (Metalutzia) fuscana (Wiedermann, 1820) and Culex (Culex) mimulus (Edwards, 1915) that were colonised at the Environmental Health Institute (EHI) were included in our analysis
We demonstrated that mitochondrial C oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene-based DNA barcoding was comparable to morphological identification for the differentiation of 45 mosquito species analysed
Summary
Taxonomy that utilizes morphological characteristics has been the gold standard method to identify mosquito species. Morphological identification is challenging when the expertise is limited and external characters are damaged because of improper specimen handling. Morphological identification is the conventional, gold standard method to identify mosquito species based on their external characters. Similar morphological characters shared by DNA barcoding is a molecular method that is becoming increasingly popular for the identification of animal species, based on partial mitochondrial DNA sequences [10,11]. This method is based on the concept that every
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