Abstract
2,3-Epoxy-4-hydroxynonanal (EH) is a bifunctional aldehyde formed by epoxidation of trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a peroxidation product of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EH is mutagenic and tumorigenic and capable of modifying DNA bases forming etheno adducts in vitro. Recent studies showed that etheno adducts are present in tissue DNA of humans and untreated rodents, suggesting a potential endogenous role of EH in their formation. A sensitive assay is needed so we can determine whether EH is involved in etheno adduct formation in vivo and study the biological significance of the etheno adducts in DNA. In this study, we developed a gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization/mass spectrometry assay for the analysis of 1, N6-ethenoadenine (epsilonAde) and 7-(1', 2'-dihydroxyheptyl)-3H-imidazo[2,1-i]purine (DHH-epsilonAde) in DNA; both are products from the reaction of adenine with EH. The assay entails the following sequence of steps: (1) addition of [15N5]epsilonAde and [15N5]DHH-epsilonAde to DNA as internal standards, (2) acid hydrolysis of DNA, (3) adduct enrichment by C18 solid phase extraction (SPE), (4) derivatization by pentafluorobenzylation (PFB), (5) separation of PFB-epsilonAde and PFB-DHH-epsilonAde on a Si SPE column, (6) acetonide (ACT) formation of PFB-DHH-epsilonAde, and (7) GC/MS analysis with selective ion monitoring (SIM). The limit of detection by on-column injection for PFB-epsilonAde monitoring of the (M - PFB)- ion at m/z 158 was 30 amol and for ACT-PFB-DHH-epsilonAde monitoring of the (M - PFB)- ion at m/z 328 was 0.4 fmol; the detection limits for the entire assay were 6.3 fmol for epsilonAde and 36 fmol for DHH-epsilonAde. In calf thymus DNA modified with EH at 37 degreesC for 50 h, both epsilonAde and DHH-epsilonAde were detected at high levels by this method, 4.5 +/- 0.7 and 90.8 +/- 8.7 adducts/10(3) adenine, respectively. These levels were also verified by HPLC fluorescence analysis, indicating that EH extensively reacts with adenine in DNA, forming etheno adducts. The high sensitivity of the assay suggests that it may be used in the analysis of ethenoadenine adducts in vivo.
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