DMA, a Small Molecule, Increases Median Survival and Reduces Radiation-Induced Xerostomia via the Activation of the ERK1/2 Pathway in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Abstract

Simple SummaryRadiotherapy is commonly used to treat the majority of patients with head and neck cancers. Salivary glands in the radiation field are affected by this procedure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of DMA as a radiomodulator to evaluate the real possibilities of reducing the incidence and severity of xerostomia in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. The effect of DMA on the response of head and neck cell lines in the presence of radiation was analyzed using clonogenic survival and xenograft tumor assays for cell line-derived xenografts as well as patient-derived xenografts. The combinatorial treatment of DMA along with radiation influenced the migration of cells. The changes associated with migration were observed through a microscope and wound healing assay. In addition, the stimulated saliva was measured. Tissue sections were analyzed using immunohistochemistry to stain for molecular markers of cell proliferation and porin channels.Survival, recurrence, and xerostomia are considerable problems in the treatment of oral squamous carcinoma patients. In this study, we investigated the role of DMA (5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-[2′-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)5″benzimidazoyl]benzimidazole) as a salivary gland cytoprotectant in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model. A significant increase in saliva secretion was observed in the DMA-treated xenograft compared to radiation alone. Repeated doses of DMA with a high dose of radiation showed a synergistic effect on mice survival and reduced tumor growth. The mean survival rate of tumor-bearing mice was significantly enhanced. The increased number of Ki-67-stained cells in the spleen, intestine, and lungs compared to the tumor suggests DMA ablates the tumor but protects other organs. The expression of aquaporin-5 was restored in tumor-bearing mice injected with DMA before irradiation. The reduced expression of αvβ3 integrin and CD44 in DMA alone and DMA with radiation-treated mice suggests a reduced migration of cells and stemness of cancer cells. DMA along with radiation treatment results in the activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in the tumor, leading to apoptosis through caspase upregulation. In conclusion, DMA has strong potential for use as an adjuvant in radiotherapy in OSCC patients.