Divide and Conquer. Pocket-Opening Mixed-Solvent Simulations in the Perspective of Docking Virtual Screening Applications for Drug Discovery.

Abstract

The existence of a druggable binding pocket is a prerequisite for computational drug-target interaction studies including virtual screening. Retrospective studies have shown that extended sampling methods like Markov State Modeling and mixed-solvent simulations can identify cryptic pockets relevant for drug discovery. Here, we apply a combination of mixed-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) and time-structure independent component analysis (TICA) to four retrospective case studies: NPC2, the CECR2 bromodomain, TEM-1, and MCL-1. We compare previous experimental and computational findings to our results. It is shown that the successful identification of cryptic pockets depends on the system and the cosolvent probes. We used alternative TICA internal features such as the unbiased backbone coordinates or backbone dihedrals versus biased interatomic distances. We found that in the case of NPC2, TEM-1, and MCL-1, the use of unbiased features is able to identify cryptic pockets, although in the case of the CECR2 bromodomain, more specific features are required to properly capture a pocket opening. In the perspective of virtual screening applications, it is shown how docking studies with the parent ligands depend critically on the conformational state of the targets.