Abstract
BackgroundChina is an important biogeographical zone in which the genetic legacies of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods are abundant, and the contemporary geography environment plays an important role in species distribution. Therefore, many biogeographical studies have focused on the organisms of the region, especially zooplankton, which is essential in the formation of biogeographical principles. Moreover, the generality of endemism also reinforces the need for detailed regional studies of zooplankton. Bosmina, a group of cosmopolitan zooplankton, is difficult to identify by morphology, and no genetic data are available to date to assess this species complex in China. In this study, 48 waterbodies were sampled covering a large geographical and ecological range in China, the goal of this research is to explore the species distribution of Bosmina across China and to reveal the genetic information of this species complex, based on two genetic markers (a mtDNA 16S and a nuclear ITS). The diversity of taxa in the Bosmina across China was investigated using molecular tools for the first time.ResultsTwo main species were detected in 35 waterbodies: an endemic east Asia B. fatalis, and the B. longirostris that has a Holarctic distribution. B. fatalis had lower genetic polymorphism and population differentiation than B. longirostris. B. fatalis was preponderant in central and eastern China, whereas B. longirostris was dominated in western China. The third lineage (B. hagmanni) was only detected in a reservoir (CJR) of eastern China (Guangdong province). Bosmina had limited distribution on the Tibetan plateau.ConclusionsThis study revealed that the biogeography of Bosmina appear to be affected by historical events (Pleistocene glaciations) and contemporary environment (such as altitude, eutrophication and isolated habitat).
Highlights
China is an important biogeographical zone in which the genetic legacies of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods are abundant, and the contemporary geography environment plays an important role in species distribution
Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 291 out of 305 Bosmina individuals sampled in this study definitely belong to two species clades: B. fatalis and B. longirostris
The Bosmina detected in China had different geographic distributions: B. fatalis was present in eutrophic waterbodies from central and eastern China, whereas B. longirostris was dominant in oligotrophic/mesotrophic waterbodies of the western region (Table 1 and Fig. 1)
Summary
China is an important biogeographical zone in which the genetic legacies of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods are abundant, and the contemporary geography environment plays an important role in species distribution. China is an important biogeographical zone, where the genetic legacies of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods are abundant. The region (~ 25–50°N) in the warm temperate-subtropical zone retained moderately high temperatures and provided a good shelter environment for endemics during Tertiary climatic changes [1, 2]. Species of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Anomopoda: Bosminidae) is small cladocerans (approximation 0.254~ 0.319 mm) that exist in lakes and reservoirs in every biogeographical region [14, 15]. Bosmina is among the best preserved zooplankton in limnological sediments due to their robust carapace, making them ideal paleolimnological indicators of ecosystem change [18, 19]
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