Abstract
This review focuses on reward-schedule effects, a family of learning phenomena involving surprising devaluations in reward quality or quantity (as in incentive contrast), and reward omissions (as in appetitive extinction), as studied in three taxonomic groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, and amphibians. The largest database of dependable data comes from research with mammals in general, and with rats in particular. These experiments show a variety of behavioral adjustments to situations involving reward downshifts. For example, rats show disruption of instrumental and consummatory behavior directed at a small reward after receiving a substantially larger reward (called successive negative contrast, SNC)—a reward-schedule effect. However, instrumental SNC does not seem to occur when animals work for sucrose solutions—a reversed reward-schedule effect. Similar modes of adjustment have been reported in analogous experiments with avian and amphibian species. A review of the evidence suggests that carry-over signals across successive trials can acquire control over behavior under massed practice, but emotional memory is required to account for reward-schedule effects observed under widely spaced practice. There is evidence for an emotional component to reward-schedule effects in mammals, but similar evidence for other vertebrates is scanty and inconsistent. Progress in the comparative analysis of reward-schedule effects will require the intense study of a set of selected species, in selected reward-downshift situations, and aiming at identifying underlying neural mechanisms.
Highlights
This review focuses on reward-schedule effects, a family of learning phenomena involving surprising devaluations in reward quality or quantity, and reward omissions, as studied in three taxonomic groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, and amphibians
Rats show disruption of instrumental and consummatory behavior directed at a small reward after receiving a substantially larger reward—a reward-schedule effect
Instrumental successive negative contrast (SNC) does not seem to occur when animals work for sucrose solutions—a reversed reward-schedule effect
Summary
This review focuses on reward-schedule effects, a family of learning phenomena involving surprising devaluations in reward quality or quantity (as in incentive contrast), and reward omissions (as in appetitive extinction), as studied in three taxonomic groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, and amphibians. This article concentrates on the latter—a family of phenomena characterized by the adjustment to the unexpected devaluation or omission of rewards These involve effects such as successive negative contrast (SNC), the magnitude of reinforcement extinction effect (MREE), and the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE), among others, most extensively studied in mammals (for a brief characterization, see Table 1 and references therein). Experiments just described is referred to as a reversed SNC effect Mammals such as rats, exhibited an exaggerated response to the devaluation, with extensive (albeit transient) deterioration of either instrumental or consummatory behavior (see Flaherty, 1996). This review aims at describing the diversity of behavioral adjustments to situations involving reward downshifts in vertebrates It illustrates major trends, suggests areas requiring additional experimental attention, identifies brain processes engaged in these situations, and recognizes some factors that account for the spectrum of outcomes observed in vertebrates. I focus first on the mammalian model par excellence: the rat
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