Abstract
Arcobacter have been frequently detected in and isolated from bivalves, but there is very little information on the genus Arcobacter in the abalone, an important fishery resource. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and abundance of bacteria from the genus Arcobacter in the Japanese giant abalone, Haliotis gigantea, using molecular methods such as Arcobacter‐specific clone libraries and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Furthermore, we attempted to isolate the Arcobacter species detected. Twelve genotypes of clones were obtained from Arcobacter‐specific clone libraries. These sequences are not classified with any other known Arcobacter species including pathogenic Arcobacter spp., A. butzleri, A. skirrowii, and A. cryaerophilus, commonly isolated or detected from bivalves. From the FISH analysis, we observed that ARC94F‐positive cells, presumed to be Arcobacter, accounted for 6.96 ± 0.72% of all EUB338‐positive cells. In the culture method, three genotypes of Arcobacter were isolated from abalones. One genotype had a similarity of 99.2%–100.0% to the 16S rRNA gene of Arcobacter marinus, while the others showed only 93.3%–94.3% similarity to other Arcobacter species. These data indicate that abalones carry Arcobacter as a common bacterial genus which includes uncultured species.
Highlights
Arcobacter, formerly classified as Campylobacter, is a member of the class Epsilonproteobacteria, as proposed by Vandamme et al (1991)
Species isolated from pork, broiler carcasses, cattle, ducks, human stool, or porcine abor‐ tions include: Arcobacter butzleri, A. skirrowii, A. cibarius, A. cryaerophi‐ lus, A. trophiarum, A. defluvii, A. thereius, A. suis, A. cloacae, A. lanthieri, A. faecis, A. lacus, and A. caeni (Collado, Levican, Perez, & Figueras, 2011; De Smet et al, 2011; Houf et al, 2005, 2009; Kiehlbauch et al, 1991; Levican, Collado, & Figueras, 2013; Neill, Campbell, O'Brien, Weatherup, & Ellis, 1985; Pérez‐Cataluña, Salas‐Massó, & Figueras, 2018b; Vandamme et al, 1992; Whiteduck‐Léveillée et al, 2015, 2016)
A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii are considered to be of clinical interest because they are associated with gastrointestinal disease and bacteremia in humans, and with repro‐ duction disorders, mastitis, and gastric ulcers in farm animals (Ho, Lipman, & Gaastra, 2006)
Summary
Arcobacter, formerly classified as Campylobacter, is a member of the class Epsilonproteobacteria, as proposed by Vandamme et al (1991). It has been reported that Arcobacter spp. are found in European lobsters and abalone (Meziti, Mente, & Kormas, 2012; Tanaka, Ootsubo, Sawabe, Ezura, & Tajima, 2004). These results suggest that Arcobacter spp. are widely distributed in marine invertebrates, and potentially indigenous bacteria may play some important role in the host. We attempted to isolate Arcobacter strains using selective cultivation, and report here the genetic relationships between successfully iso‐ lated strains
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