Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the diversity and specificity of ant-hemipteran mutualisms according to the different structures observed on cocoa trees. The experiment was carried out in two cocoa planting systems: cabruca and derruba total at Ilhéus, Brazil. We made observations and collected monthly over one year the mutualistic ants and hemipterans that occurred on Theobroma cacao L. trees. Observations were performed on cacao trees at three distinct sites of the plant: flowers, pods and leaf flush. We observed 932 ant-hemipteran associations, comprising 203 different mutualistic interactions. The assemblage was composed of 26 hemipteran species and 54 ant species. No differences were observed in the ant community, however, we found differences in the hemipteran community according to the different structure evaluated. We recorded a total of 404 trophobiosis events on pods, 394 on leaf flushes and 134 on flowers. Our results point out the diversity of ant-hemipteran trophobioses in the cocoa agrosystems resembles the diversity found in tropical forests and demonstrate that the location of interactions may result in ecological restrictions for some organisms involved in these trophobioses in cacao agrosystems.
Highlights
Mutualistic interactions between ants and hemipteran are classified as trophobioses and are observed in a wide range of host plants and environments, both in natural and agricultural ecosystems (Delabie, 2001; Rico-Gray & Oliveira, 2007)
The hemipteran assemblage interacting with ants was composed of 26 species belonging to four families (Aphididae, Coccidae, Membracidae and Pseudococcidae)
The commonest interactions in the whole study were between the hemipterans Horiola picta (Coquebert, 1801), Anobilia sp.1, Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897) and Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841) and the ants Dolichoderus bispinosus (Olivier, 1792), Dolichoderus bidens (Linnaeus, 1758), Azteca chartifex spiriti Forel, 1912, Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804), Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier, 1792) and Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) (Appendix)
Summary
Mutualistic interactions between ants and hemipteran are classified as trophobioses (the relationship in which one species feeds on the other’s excretions while provides protection) and are observed in a wide range of host plants and environments, both in natural and agricultural ecosystems (Delabie, 2001; Rico-Gray & Oliveira, 2007). The ants indirectly contribute to increase the abundance and distribution of hemipterans to get ‘honeydew’
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