Abstract
BackgroundContinuous cropping of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) cultivated in farmland for an extended period gives rise to soil-borne disease. The change in soil microbial composition is a major cause of soil-borne diseases and an obstacle to continuous cropping. The impact of cultivation modes and ages on the diversity and composition of the P. ginseng rhizosphere microbial community and technology suitable for cropping P. ginseng in farmland are still being explored.MethodsAmplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS regions were analyzed for microbial community composition and diversity.ResultsThe obtained sequencing data were reasonable for estimating soil microbial diversity. We observed significant variations in richness, diversity, and relative abundances of microbial taxa between farmland, deforestation field, and different cultivation years. The bacterial communities of LCK (forest soil where P. ginseng was not grown) had a much higher richness and diversity than those in NCK (farmland soil where P. ginseng was not grown). The increase in cultivation years of P. ginseng in farmland and deforestation field significantly changed the diversity of soil microbial communities. In addition, the accumulation of P. ginseng soil-borne pathogens (Monographella cucumerina, Ilyonectria mors-panacis, I. robusta, Fusarium solani, and Nectria ramulariae) varied with the cropping age of P. ginseng.ConclusionSoil microbial diversity and function were significantly poorer in farmland than in the deforestation field and were affected by P. ginseng planting years. The abundance of common soil-borne pathogens of P. ginseng increased with the cultivation age and led to an imbalance in the microbial community.
Highlights
As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, the perennial plant ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is famous for its benefits to the immune system [1, 2], nervous system [3], cardiovascular system [4,5,6], and has an anti-cancer effect [7, 8]
Amplicon sequencing and rarefaction curves To characterize the microbiome in P. ginseng rhizospheric soil at different cultivation ages under two land types, 36 samples were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq
The rarefaction curves for evaluating the richness of each sample usually approached saturation, indicating that the sequencing data were reasonable for evaluating the microbial diversity of P. ginseng rhizosphere
Summary
As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, the perennial plant ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is famous for its benefits to the immune system [1, 2], nervous system [3], cardiovascular system [4,5,6], and has an anti-cancer effect [7, 8]. Soil microorganisms are responsible for the decomposition and cycling of organic compounds [11] They influence above-ground ecosystems by contributing to plant nutrition and health [12], and soil structure and fertility [13]. Compared with traditional crops, the diversity and composition of soil microbiome changed in soil with continuously planted American ginseng [20]. Continuous cropping of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) cultivated in farmland for an extended period gives rise to soil-borne disease. The change in soil microbial composition is a major cause of soil-borne diseases and an obstacle to continuous cropping. The impact of cultivation modes and ages on the diversity and composition of the P. ginseng rhizosphere microbial community and technology suitable for cropping P. ginseng in farmland are still being explored
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