Abstract
Among marine species distributed in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, the Indo–Pacific Barrier (IPB) has been found to be an important barrier of divergence of species distributed on both sides. Among the five species of the genus Pampus, only Pampus chinensis and P. cinereus are distributed across the western Pacific and the Indian Oceans and have not been studied comparatively using extensive sampling and gene markers. Furthermore, the origin and history of genus Pampus remain unrevealed. We used thousands of nuclear loci based on target gene enrichment to explore genetic structure of P. chinensis and P. cinereus across the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. We performed divergence dating and ancestral area reconstruction analysis and inferred the dispersal routes of the Pampus species. The results suggest that the IPB played an important role in the differentiation between populations among the two oceans for both P. chinensis and P. cinereus, dividing species into the Pacific lineage and the Indian Ocean lineage. Low sea level in the late Pleistocene may be the main cause. The result also showed that the South China Sea was the center of origin of the genus Pampus, and dispersal routes of each species may be associated with the ocean currents. Our study provided new examples for the IPB effect on marine species.
Highlights
The Ocean, accounting for about 71% of the earth’s surface area, has a total area of 360 million km2, which can be divided into a series of biogeographical regions, with theIndo–Polynesian province as the broadest one
Interoceanic differentiation was detected within both P. chinensis and P. cinereus
In the results of STRUCTURE analysis, P. chinensis clustered into two groups, and the same result was found for P. cinereus
Summary
The Ocean, accounting for about 71% of the earth’s surface area, has a total area of 360 million km , which can be divided into a series of biogeographical regions, with theIndo–Polynesian province as the broadest one. The Ocean, accounting for about 71% of the earth’s surface area, has a total area of 360 million km , which can be divided into a series of biogeographical regions, with the. In the tropical Indo–Pacific region, six biogeographical provinces (Western Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Indo–Polynesian, Hawaiian, Marquesas, Easter Island) are defined by 10% endemism [1]. The Indo–Pacific Barrier (IPB), which is located in the center of the Indo–Polynesian province, represented by the Indo–. Malaysian archipelago, is considered as the major block to gene flow for marine species between the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific [2]. There are three major patterns reported: (1) sister species divided by the IPB, such as Chaetodon trifasciatus distributed in the Indian Ocean and C. lunulatus in the Pacific [3] and Coris cuvieri distributed in the Indian. Previous phylogeographic studies focused on the coastal fishes along the Northwest Pacific, Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea have been seen on some marine species, such as the seahorse [13], the Chinese four-eyed sleeper [14], etc.; the species of genus Pampus have not been studies
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