Abstract
A major challenge in the biomedical field is the creation of materials and coating strategies that effectively limit the onset of biofilm-associated infections on medical devices. Biosurfactants are well known and appreciated for their antimicrobial/anti-adhesive/anti-biofilm properties, low toxicity, and biocompatibility. In this study, the rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 89 (R89BS) was characterized by HPLC-MS/MS and its ability to modify cell surface hydrophobicity and membrane permeability as well as its antimicrobial, anti-adhesive, and anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus were compared to two commonly used surfactants of synthetic origin: Tween® 80 and TritonTM X-100. The R89BS crude extract showed a grade of purity of 91.4% and was composed by 70.6% of mono-rhamnolipids and 20.8% of di-rhamnolipids. The biological activities of R89BS towards S. aureus were higher than those of the two synthetic surfactants. In particular, the anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm properties of R89BS and of its purified mono- and di-congeners were similar. R89BS inhibition of S. aureus adhesion and biofilm formation was ~97% and 85%, respectively, and resulted in an increased inhibition of about 33% after 6 h and of about 39% after 72 h when compared to their chemical counterparts. These results suggest a possible applicability of R89BS as a protective coating agent to limit implant colonization.
Highlights
IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus infections have been associated to an increase in hospital stays and mortality and an economic burden estimated at USD 450 million [1,2].This bacterial species is typically found in the human anterior nasopharynx and skin [3,4]but it is able to colonize tissue and artificial surfaces (prosthetic orthopedic implants, heart valves, pacemakers, and vascular catheters), causing many acute and chronic persistent infections [5,6]
In the past decade, Staphylococcus aureus infections have been associated to an increase in hospital stays and mortality and an economic burden estimated at USD 450 million [1,2].This bacterial species is typically found in the human anterior nasopharynx and skin [3,4]but it is able to colonize tissue and artificial surfaces, causing many acute and chronic persistent infections [5,6]
Rhamnolipids are produced as a heterogeneous mixture of mono- and di-rhamnolipids varying in the fatty acid chain length
Summary
Staphylococcus aureus infections have been associated to an increase in hospital stays and mortality and an economic burden estimated at USD 450 million [1,2].This bacterial species is typically found in the human anterior nasopharynx and skin [3,4]but it is able to colonize tissue and artificial surfaces (prosthetic orthopedic implants, heart valves, pacemakers, and vascular catheters), causing many acute and chronic persistent infections [5,6]. Staphylococcus aureus infections have been associated to an increase in hospital stays and mortality and an economic burden estimated at USD 450 million [1,2] This bacterial species is typically found in the human anterior nasopharynx and skin [3,4]. In its sessile form, S. aureus cells live as a structured community embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix, composed of protein, DNA, and polysaccharide It can evade host defenses and become tolerant to antimicrobials, making biofilm-associated infections difficult to treat and eradicate [11,12,13].
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