Abstract
Electronic-nose (e-nose) instruments, derived from numerous types of aroma-sensor technologies, have been developed for a diversity of applications in the broad fields of agriculture and forestry. Recent advances in e-nose technologies within the plant sciences, including improvements in gas-sensor designs, innovations in data analysis and pattern-recognition algorithms, and progress in material science and systems integration methods, have led to significant benefits to both industries. Electronic noses have been used in a variety of commercial agricultural-related industries, including the agricultural sectors of agronomy, biochemical processing, botany, cell culture, plant cultivar selections, environmental monitoring, horticulture, pesticide detection, plant physiology and pathology. Applications in forestry include uses in chemotaxonomy, log tracking, wood and paper processing, forest management, forest health protection, and waste management. These aroma-detection applications have improved plant-based product attributes, quality, uniformity, and consistency in ways that have increased the efficiency and effectiveness of production and manufacturing processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review and summary of a broad range of electronic-nose technologies and applications, developed specifically for the agriculture and forestry industries over the past thirty years, which have offered solutions that have greatly improved worldwide agricultural and agroforestry production systems.
Highlights
A wide variety of sensor technologies are utilized in modern agriculture and forestry to obtain accurate information on crop, soil, weather, and environmental conditions
The diversity of electronic aroma detection (EAD) technologies utilized in electronic-nose devices include a variety of different sensor types that operate based on different gas-sensing principles, ranging from bulk acoustic wave (BAW), calorimetric or catalytic bead (CB), carbon black composite (CBC), catalytic field-effect (CFET), conducting polymers (CP), complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), electrochemical (EC), fluorescence (FL), metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), optical fiber live cell (OF-LC), and surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensors
Further studies of biological olfactory receptors (ORs), consisting of a large family of G-protein coupled receptor proteins (GPCRs) responsible for sensing the ambient chemical environment [16,17], will no doubt result in future e-nose sensor designs that take into account the 3-dimensional structural confirmation of odorant molecules to produce e-nose devices with greater discrimination capabilities than is currently achieved based only on the electronic effects of odorants as they adsorb to the surface of contemporary e-nose sensors
Summary
A wide variety of sensor technologies are utilized in modern agriculture and forestry to obtain accurate information on crop, soil, weather, and environmental conditions. Electronic-nose devices are being used with increasing frequency because they allow the acquisition of real-time information about the chemical and physical nature and quality of plants, plant and animal products, and gas effluents released from agricultural and forestry products throughout the entire food and fiber production cycle. The agriculture and forestry industries have become highly dependent upon electronic-nose devices because of the capability of these instruments to recognize the presence of specific gas mixtures that are produced or released during or as a consequence (byproduct) of various manufacturing processes. The purpose of this review is to provide a thorough overview of the diversity of uses for electronic-nose technologies within the wide spectrum of applications in the agricultural and forestry sectors and to provide numerous examples demonstrating the many ways in which e-nose devices have improved the quality and efficiency of food and fiber production processes within these industries
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