Abstract

Investors in an initial public offering (IPO) face a lack-of-information problem: They have to guess the new stock's aftermarket price. This problem poses a risk when there is no consensus in investors' pre-issue opinions, and the risk is greater when the opinions are more divergent. We model this lack-of-information problem in an IPO, where, to place a certain number of the shares, the issuer adjusts the offer price to accommodate the difference in the demand between the pre-issue market and the aftermarket. By examining a large sample of IPOs, we obtain evidence in strong support of the model's predictions for IPO underpricing and sales.

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