Divergence among generalist herbivores: the Frankliniella schultzei species complex in Australia (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Abstract

Understanding and interpreting the host plant interactions of “generalist” herbivorous insects requires that species limits are accurately defined, as such taxa frequently harbour cryptic species with restricted host use. We tested for the presence of cryptic species across different host plant species in Australian Frankliniella schultzei using a combination of gene sequencing and newly developed microsatellite markers. We detect deep divergence between three colour morphs (black, brown and yellow) but no discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genes in areas of sympatry, indicating the presence of at least three species in Australia (and potentially six globally). Microsatellite markers were developed for the brown species but could not be amplified in the black or yellow species because the divergence between them is too great. When applied to six populations across Queensland and New South Wales the microsatellites showed high levels of gene flow across thrips collected from Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Malvaviscus arboreus, and over distances of at least 950 km, indicating considerable movement by these insects and no host-associated genetic differentiation in the brown species. Significantly, the divergence between the three species in Australia was not associated with any noticeable host specialisation. The substantial overlap in geographical distribution and host plant range raises questions about the process of speciation in generalist insects. Our results provide the basis from which detailed quantification of relative host use can be conducted for each species within the F. schultzei complex; this next step is crucial to fully understanding the host plant relationships of each and, thus, the basis of their speciation.