Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of time of day on short-term repetitive maximal performance and psychological variables in elite judo athletes.Methods: Fourteen Tunisian elite male judokas (age: 21 ± 1 years, height:172 ± 7 cm, body-mass: 70.0 ± 8.1 kg) performed a repeated shuttle sprint and jump ability (RSSJA) test (6 m × 2 m × 12.5 m every 25-s incorporating one countermovement jump (CMJ) between sprints) in the morning (7:00 a.m.) and afternoon (5:00 p.m.). Psychological variables (Profile of mood states (POMS-f) and Hooper questionnaires) were assessed before and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) immediately after the RSSJA.Results: Sprint times (p > 0.05) of the six repetition, fatigue index of sprints (p > 0.05) as well as mean (p > 0.05) jump height and fatigue index (p > 0.05) of CMJ did not differ between morning and afternoon. No differences were observed between the two times-of-day for anxiety, anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, interpersonal relationship, sleep, and muscle soreness (p > 0.05). Jump height in CMJ 3 and 4 (p < 0.05) and RPE (p < 0.05) and vigor (p < 0.01) scores were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning. Stress was higher in the morning compared to the afternoon (p < 0.01).Conclusion: In contrast to previous research, repeated sprint running performance and mood states of the tested elite athletes showed no-strong dependency of time-of-day of testing. A possible explanation can be the habituation of the judo athletes to work out early in the morning.
Highlights
Previous studies confirmed that physiological, psychological, and performance parameters during physical exercise present diurnal variations (Chtourou et al, 2013b, 2015; LópezSamanes et al, 2017; Lopes-Silva et al, 2018; Pullinger et al, 2018)
The subjective estimation of fatigue (i.e., rating of perceived exertion (RPE), Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire) is higher in the afternoon compared to the morning (Chtourou et al, 2012b; Hammouda et al, 2012; Ammar et al, 2015)
The t-test revealed that countermovement jump (CMJ) jump height 3 and 4 were significantly higher in the afternoon compared to the morning (CMJ 3: t = 3.12, p < 0.01; CMJ 4: t = 2.52, p < 0.05) (Table 2)
Summary
Previous studies confirmed that physiological, psychological, and performance parameters during physical exercise present diurnal variations (Chtourou et al, 2013b, 2015; LópezSamanes et al, 2017; Lopes-Silva et al, 2018; Pullinger et al, 2018). During repeated short-term high intensity efforts (i.e., effort required both aerobic and anaerobic pathways), previous studies confirmed the existence of a diurnal variation of performance only during the 1–3 first repetitions of the exercise (Racinais et al, 2005; Hammouda et al, 2011; Lopes-Silva et al, 2018; Pullinger et al, 2018) In this context, during 5 × 6-s cycling sprints with a 24-s recovery period, peak power was significantly higher in the afternoon (5:00 p.m.) than in the morning (7:00 a.m.) only during the first two sprints with amplitudes of 3.1–4.8 % (Chtourou et al, 2012b). The suppression of the diurnal variation of peak power during the three last sprints could be explained by a higher decrease of performance in the afternoon compared to the morning and to a greater utilization of the aerobic pathway during the last three repetitions of the exercise
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