Abstract
Circadian rhythms are a very exquisite mechanism to influence on transcriptional levels and physiological activities of various molecules that affect cell metabolic pathways. Long-term alteration of circadian rhythms increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome. A drastic change in dietary patterns can affect synchronizing the circadian clock within the metabolic system. Therefore, the interaction between the host and the bacterial community colonizing the mammalian gastrointestinal tract has a great impact on the circadian clock in diurnal programs. Here, we propose that the microbiota regulates body composition through the transcriptional oscillation of circadian regulators. The transcriptional regulator, NFIL3 (also called E4BP4) is a good example. Compositional change of the commensal bacteria influences the rhythmic expression of NFIL3 in the epithelium, which subsequently controls obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, control of circadian regulators would be a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases.
Highlights
Obesity is a major risk factor for several co-occurring diseases, including type II diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and ischemic cardiovascular disease, and the prevalence of these diseases has increased at an astounding rate in the past decades [1]
In understanding how regulation of microbial host metabolic pathways affects energy storage and body composition, we propose that the microbiota regulates body composition through the clock regulating transcription factor NFIL3, which influences the circadian clock in intestinal epithelial cells through the regulation of group 3 innate lymphocyte cells (ILC3)
This review describes how NFIL3 regulates body composition and establishes an essential network between the circadian clock and host metabolism
Summary
Circadian rhythms are a very exquisite mechanism to influence on transcriptional levels and physiological activities of various molecules that affect cell metabolic pathways. Long-term alteration of circadian rhythms increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome. A drastic change in dietary patterns can affect synchronizing the circadian clock within the metabolic system. The interaction between the host and the bacterial community colonizing the mammalian gastrointestinal tract has a great impact on the circadian clock in diurnal programs. We propose that the microbiota regulates body composition through the transcriptional oscillation of circadian regulators. The transcriptional regulator, NFIL3 ( called E4BP4) is a good example. Compositional change of the commensal bacteria influences the rhythmic expression of NFIL3 in the epithelium, which subsequently controls obesity and insulin resistance. Control of circadian regulators would be a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases
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