Abstract
Due to overexploitation for forest resources, many important medicinal plants are disappearing from the tropical dry forest (TDF) regions. The present study is aimed to investigate the diversity of medicinal plants exposed to different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in TDFs. For this study, we selected six forest regions, covering a radius of 25 km, and exposed to variable intensity of disturbances, in the form of illegal logging, cattle grazing and fire. Based on the intensity of three disturbances, we categorized the study sites as low (LDS) and high (HDS) disturbed sites, and analyzed differences in soil properties and vegetation parameters in the two disturbance categories. We recorded tree density, tree species richness and herbaceous species richness in 100 m2 quadrats at the selected regions. Results exhibited significantly greater soil organic C (LDS, 4.6%; HDS, 0.9%; P < 0.001), water holding capacity (LDS, 47.4%; HDS, 33.6%; P < 0.001), and sand content (LDS, 53.7%; HDS, 48.3%; P < 0.001) across LDS, whereas significantly higher bulk density (LDS, 1.30 gcm–3; HDS, 1.34 gcm–3; P < 0.05) and gravel content (LDS, 14.6%; HDS, 20.0%; P < 0.001) across HDS. We found considerable shift in relationships between vegetation parameters under the two disturbance regimes. The results indicated that many of the important medicinal plants (e.g., Adina cordifolia, Bauhinia vahlii, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Asparagus racemosus, Curculigo orchioides, Hemidesmus indicus, etc.) which are potential constituents of several ayurvedic preparations as well as of traditional medical systems are lacking from the HDS, either due to direct impact of disturbances or indirectly due to disturbance induced changes in soil properties. For instance, the high grazing pressure increased soil compaction, leading to increase in bulk density and decline in water holding capacity of soil. We suggest that forest managers take into consideration the presence of anthropogenic disturbances in their management and conservation efforts of medicinal plants in TDFs.
Highlights
India accounts for 8% of the world’s total biodiversity (Shaikh and D Parveen, 2017), and is among 12 megadiversity countries, with 38.2% of tropical dry forest (TDF) cover (MoEF, 1999; Singh and Chaturvedi, 2017)
We reported significant positive associations between harvest index and grazing index, at one hand, while grazing index with fire intensity, at the other hand
Open spaces develop in the forest where herbaceous species grow abundantly, which attract grazing animals to frequently visit these places
Summary
India accounts for 8% of the world’s total biodiversity (Shaikh and D Parveen, 2017), and is among 12 megadiversity countries, with 38.2% of tropical dry forest (TDF) cover (MoEF, 1999; Singh and Chaturvedi, 2017). Disturbance Impacts on Medicinal Plants in species richness (Rivas et al, 2020; Jhariya and Singh, 2021a,b,c). These forests are known to harbor numerous medicinal plants (Rosero-Toro et al, 2018), which are currently disappearing at alarming rates due to natural and/or man made disturbances, and overexploitation of forest resources (Shanley and Luz, 2003; Prajapati et al, 2018). Forest conversion and alteration in species composition are expected to be governed by many factors (Klinge et al, 1995; Wittmann and Junk, 2003), prominent among these are the anthropogenic disturbances, playing crucial role in modification of canopy structure, and significantly affecting ecosystem processes (Chaturvedi et al, 2017a, 2021). Severity of forest disturbances is due to the absence of adequate recovery phase required for the regeneration of plants or ecosystems experiencing continuous anthropogenic disturbances (Singh, 1998)
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