Disturbance in Marine Intertidal Boulder Fields: The Nonequilibrium Maintenance of Species Diversity

Abstract

The effects of disturbance on local species diversity were investigated in an algaldominated intertidal boulder field in southern California. In this habitat, the major form of disturbance occurs when waves, generated by winter storms, overturn boulders. These natural physical disturbances open space, interrupt successional sequences, and determine local levels of species diversity. Because small boulders are more frequently overturned than larger ones, the plants and sessile animals of boulder fields are distributed in a patchwork of successional stages. Boulders which are subjected to intermediate disturbance frequencies are usually less dominated than those which are very frequently disturbed, and always less dominated than those which are seldon disturbed. In all seasons most small boulders have fewer species than those of intermediate size. Large boulders also usually have fewer species, except in the spring, when defoliation of the algal canopy during the previous winter has opened space for colonization. Species richness on these boulders declines during summer months, and is less than that on boulders of intermediate size in the fall. Small boulders, with a shorter disturbance interval, support only sparse early successional communities of the green alga, Ulva, and barnacles. Large, infrequently disturbed boulders are dominated by the late successional red alga, Gigartina canaliculata. Intermediate—sized boulders support the most diverse communities composed of Ulva, barnacles, several middle successional species of red algae, and Gigartina canaliculata. Comparison of the pattern of succession on experimentally stabilized boulders with that on unstable ones confirms that differences in the frequency of disturbances are responsible for the above patterns of species composition. The frequency of disturbance also determines the degree of between—boulder variation in species composition and diversity. Small boulders which are frequently overturned sample the available pool of spores and larvae more often. As a result, a greater number of different species occur as single dominants on these boulders. Boulders with an intermediate probability of being disturbed are most variable in species diversity. Assemblages on these boulders range from being dominated by a single species to being very diverse while most communities on boulders which are frequently or seldom disturbed are strongly dominated. Observations on the local densities of three species of middle successional red algae over two year—long periods indicate that most of these are variable in time. More local populations went extinct or became newly established on boulders than remained constant in size. These species persist globally in the boulder field mosaic by colonizing recent openings created by disturbances. These results lend support to a nonequilibrium view of community structure and, along with other studies suggest that disturbances which open space are necessary for the maintenance of diversity in most communities of sessile organisms.