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Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) cause environmental and economical problems. How to effectively manage all IAS at a large area is a challenge. Hypotheses about IAS (such as the “human activity” hypothesis, the “biotic acceptance” and the “biotic resistance”) have been proposed from numerous studies. Here the state of Alabama in USA, widely occupied by IAS, is used as a case study for characterizing the emergent patterns of IAS. The results indicate that most IAS are located in metropolitan areas and in the Black Belt area which is a historical intensive land use area. There are positive relationships between the richness of IAS and the change of human population, the species richness and the number of endangered species, as well as the total road length and farmland area across Alabama. This study partially supports the above three hypotheses and provides a general pattern of local IAS. Based on possible processes related with IAS, some implications for strategically managing local IAS are discussed.
Highlights
Biological invasions, along with climate change, chemical pollution, and land use change, remain the most pressing threats to ecosystems (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005)
C. lepadiformis has been discovered in two distinct harbors, New London and Stonington, in Connecticut, USA
The expansion of C. lepadiformis from its broad native European distribution to the Azores, Madeira, South Africa, the western North Atlantic, and South Korea is a significant jump in distribution that has occurred over the last 30-40 years
Summary
A review of the life history, invasion process, and potential management of Clavelina lepadiformis Müller, 1776: a recent invasion of the northwest Atlantic. Received: 27 October 2011 / Accepted: 15 October 2012 / Published online: 15 December 2012 Handling editor: Elias Dana, University of Almeria, Spain
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