Abstract
Simple SummaryThe leaffooted plant bug, Leptoglossus zonatus, is widely distributed in the Western Hemisphere. In California, two lineages (strains) occur. One lineage is known from California, and the second is found in California and Brazil. Although this species has been in California since 1900, it has become a pest in almonds in the last decade. It is possible that a cryptic species or strain has been introduced. This study investigated the distribution of the two lineages (strains) of L. zonatus in the Western Hemisphere. Specimens from the Leptoglossus collection in the national insect collection in Mexico were used to extract DNA and sequence the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene. These sequences were combined with others in Genbank from California and South America to determine the strain distributions. The first strain occurred in California and Mexico, while the second was widespread from California into South America. When all samples were combined, there was overall low genetic diversity. The small number of genetic types (haplotypes), the range expansion, and the economic pest status of L. zonatus in California, suggest this insect is a potentially invasive insect pest.The leaffooted plant bug, Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is polyphagous and widely distributed in the Western Hemisphere. Although it has been recorded in California since around 1900, it has become a more common pest in almonds in the last decade. Other studies have shown that an established insect can become a pest when a new genotype is introduced. This study investigated the distribution of two lineages (strains) of L. zonatus in the Western Hemisphere. Specimens from the Leptoglossus collection in the national insect collection in Mexico were used to extract DNA and sequence the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI) gene, for use in population genetic and phylogenetic analyses. New sequences from Mexico, Central and South America were combined with those available in GenBank, from California and Brazil. Two lineages (strains) of L. zonatus were uncovered. One lineage occurs in California, Mexico and Ecuador. The second lineage is more widespread and found in California, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Bolivia and Brazil. The haplotype number and diversity, and nucleotide diversity, were found for samples from California, Mexico, and Brazil, for the two lineages, and for all 118 sequences combined. All sequences combined produced five haplotypes, and a haplotype diversity of 0.54. California and Brazil had 3 haplotypes each, with one haplotype shared (5 total). Haplotype diversity in California and in Brazil were 0.526 and 0.505, respectively. A haplotype network found that one haplotype was most abundant and widespread. The small number of haplotypes, a range expansion, and economic pest status of L. zonatus in California, all contribute to this insect being a potentially invasive insect pest.
Highlights
Leptoglossus species (Guérin-Méneville) (Hemiptera: Coreidae), known as leaffooted plant bugs, are endemic to the Western Hemisphere with at least 61 species recorded [1]
The apparent increase of L. zonatus could be attributed to factors including the increase in almond acreage in California [14,15], a changing climate which alters insect development and reproduction [16], or through the introduction of cryptic species or strains which are morphologically similar yet vary in their biological attributes [17]
L. zonatus occurs in 13 countries, and of the at least 61 reported Leptoglossus species, is the most widely distributed in the Western Hemisphere [1,21]
Summary
Leptoglossus species (Guérin-Méneville) (Hemiptera: Coreidae), known as leaffooted plant bugs, are endemic to the Western Hemisphere with at least 61 species recorded [1]. This species is recorded from dozens of host plant species including many which are economically important such as maize, citrus, tomato, cotton, pistachio and almonds [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Earlier accounts of L. zonatus in North America reported this species from the southern region of California, and in Arizona and Texas [2,18]. This species was introduced into Louisiana in 1996 and was subsequently detected in Florida in 2005 [19,20]. The native region where this species has more genetic variability is currently unknown
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