Abstract
Abstract. Repeated, grid-based forest soil inventories such as the National Forest Soil Inventory of Germany (NFSI) aim, among other things, at detecting changes in soil properties and plant nutrition. In these types of inventories, the only information on soil phosphorus (P) is commonly the total P content. However, total P content in mineral soils of forests is usually not a meaningful variable with respect to predicting the availability of P to trees. Here we tested a modified sequential P extraction according to Hedley (1982) to determine the distribution of different plant-available P fractions in soil samples (at depths of 0–5 and 10–30 cm) from 146 NFSI sites, encompassing a wide variety of soil conditions. In addition, we analyzed relationships between these P fractions and common soil properties such as pH, texture, and soil organic carbon content (SOC). The total P content among our samples ranged from approximately 60 to 2800 mg kg−1. The labile, moderately labile, and stable P fractions contributed to 27 %, 51 %, and 22 % of the total P content, respectively, at a depth of 0–5 cm. At a depth of 10–30 cm, the labile P fractions decreased to 15 %, whereas the stable P fractions increased to 30 %. These changes with depth were accompanied by a decrease in the organic P fractions. High P contents were related to high pH values. While the labile Hedley P pool increased with decreasing pH in absolute and relative terms, the stable Hedley P pool decreased in absolute and relative terms. Increasing SOC in soils led to significant increases in all Hedley P pools and in total P. In sandy soils, the P content across all fractions was lower than in other soil texture types. Multiple linear regression models indicated that Hedley P pools and P fractions were moderately well related to soil properties (with r2 values that were mostly above 0.5), and that the sand content of soils had the strongest influence. Foliar P contents in Pinus sylvestris were reasonably well explained by the labile and moderately labile P pool (r2 = 0.67) but not so for Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica. Foliar P contents in all three species could not be related to specific Hedley P pools. Our study indicates that soil properties such as pH, SOC content, and soil texture may be used to predict certain soil Hedley P pools with different plant availability on the basis of large soil inventories. However, the foliar P contents of tree species cannot be sufficiently well predicted by the soil variables considered here.
Highlights
Insufficient or even critical phosphorus (P) nutrition in forest trees has been repeatedly observed in Europe over the last few decades (e.g., Jonard et al, 2015)
The total P content calculated as the sum of all Hedley P fractions ranged from 58 to nearly 2800 mg kg−1 across the 285 National Forest Soil Inventory of Germany (NFSI) samples
Our results show that soil properties, like acidity, soil organic carbon content (SOC) content, soil texture, and depth, have an important influence on the quantity and distribution of plant-available P in forest soils
Summary
Insufficient or even critical phosphorus (P) nutrition in forest trees has been repeatedly observed in Europe over the last few decades (e.g., Jonard et al, 2015). In contrast to agriculture, where permanent P export is compensated for by fertilization, forest sites in Germany have generally received no P fertilizer in the past – only a very limited number of cases of P fertilization exist (Ilg et al, 2009). In undisturbed forest ecosystems, P cycling is not dominated by input (e.g., deposition) and output (e.g., seepage) processes but by internal recycling (transfer) processes (Newman, 1995). In anthropogenically influenced forest ecosystems, ongoing acidification and nitrogen deposition may lead to nutrient imbalances that affect P nutrition in trees (Duquesnay et al, 2000; Prietzel and Stetter, 2010; Talkner et al, 2015). High levels of ongoing harvest and export of forest biomass may aggravate P malnutrition in trees (Berndes et al, 2003; Kangas and Baudin, 2003)
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