Abstract
This paper reports on the determination and distribution of antibiotic drugs in poultry feeds mainly the layers and growers mash obtained from Ogun state in Nigeria. Pulverized feed samples were initially treated with phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 7 and the analytes extracted in an SPE cartridge with ammonium hydroxide and methanol. The extract reconstituted in phosphate buffer was determined with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC–DAD). The analytical column was an XTerra MS C18 column, (4.6 mm x 100 mm, 3.5 µm) with mobile phases consisting of ultrapure water and acetonitrile mixed with 0.1% HCOOH in gradient elution mode. Data acquisition was achieved with AgilentChemStation Version B.040.01 SP1 while the analytes were completely separated under 10 minutes with good resolution and symmetric peaks. The high correlation coefficient (R2) values (> 0.998, excluding sulfadimethoxine) indicate a good correlation between analyte concentration and peak areas. Limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) was between 5.37 and 55.42 ng/g, and 17.91 and 184.74 ng/g, respectively. All the drugs exhibited high mean concentration values in the two feed types, and there was no significant difference between their means (p < 0.05). The results clearly showed that feed millers fortify their feeds with antibiotics mainly sulfonamides in varying amounts without declaring same, thus compromising security of poultry birds and human consumers.
Highlights
Antibiotics as feed additives were globally used to prevent and control many diseases in foodproducing animals [1]
This paper reports on the determination and distribution of antibiotic drugs in poultry feeds mainly the layers and growers mash obtained from Ogun state in Nigeria
Antibiotic resistant bacteria including Enterococcus faecium resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and vancomycin were isolated in tested poultry feeds from the USA, while in another study, poultry feeds represented 85% of all feeds sampled containing bacteria resistant to one or a combination of amoxicillin, cephalothin, clavulanic acid and ampicillin [5]; demonstrating that resistant bacteria in feeds could be transmitted to consuming animals and eventually humans since bacitracin methylene salicylate and virginiamycin applied as growth enhancers in poultry have been reported to alter the chicken intestinal metabolome [6]
Summary
Antibiotics as feed additives were globally used to prevent and control many diseases in foodproducing animals [1]. 1378 (2019) 042053 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/4/042053 antibiotics in feeds as prophylactic agents These actions arose due to the spread of antibioticresistant strains of disease and non-disease causing bacteria commonly found in our ecosystem, and their subsequent transfer through the food chain to humans. This portends severe public health concerns and ecological risks [2]. Experiments suggested that the use of antibiotics might concomitantly be connected with the development of drug-resistance through a disruption in the natural conditions of the intestine, as indicated in several studies [1]
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