Abstract
BackgroundThe successful application of Fish plasma model (FPM) will greatly simplify the risk assessment of drugs. At present, the FPM has been applied to the risk assessment of several human drugs with high hydrophobicity. However, its applicability to a wide variety of compounds needs to be tested. Field work about distribution characteristics of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water and in fish plasma plays a key role in promoting the successful application of FPM. However, there are few reports on the distribution of EDCs in fish, especially in wild fish plasma.ResultsThe distribution of 31 EDCs, including seven estrogens, eight androgens, six progesterones, five glucocorticoids, and five industrial compounds, in water and plasma of five categories of wild fishes in Taihu Lake was studied and the typical FPM was tested by the field data. The detected concentration of most compounds is relatively low (< 10 ng/L), and the industrial compounds are the predominant pollutants with the highest concentration up to 291.7 ng/L (Bisphenol A) in water. In general, glucocorticoids were detected at the highest concentrations in plasma of all kinds of fishes, followed by industrial compounds and estrogens. Except for glucocorticoids (up to 43.61 for Cortisone), the average concentrations of the other four categories of EDCs in fish plasma were generally low (< 10 μg/L). The available measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of 20 kinds of EDCs were in the range of 0 to 5626. The bioaccumulation of EDCs in fish plasma is not only hydrophobicity-dependent, but is also both fish species-specific and compound-dependent. The classical FPM was tested and the results indicated that the good coincides of measured log BAFs and the theoretical log BCFs were only observed for limited EDCs (7 out of 20). The present available FPM generally underestimated the Log BAFs of most hydrophilic EDCs (log Kow < 3.87, 11 out of 20) whereas overestimated the Log BAFs of several high hydrophobic EDCs (Log Kow > 3.87) in fish plasma.ConclusionAlthough the present FPM is barely satisfactory, it is still promising for predicting the accumulation of EDCs in fish plasma and for further environmental risk assessment.
Highlights
The successful application of Fish plasma model (FPM) will greatly simplify the risk assessment of drugs
The highest detection frequency of 100% is observed for three endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) including DES, Bisphenol A (BPA), and Bisphenol S (BPS) in both June and December at all the nine sampling sites
Nan-phen, Testosterone propionate (TES-pro), Estradiol benzoate (E2-ben), and Bisphenol F (BPF) were detected at a frequency of 100% in winter, and E2-ben and BPF were detected at a high frequency of 89% and 44% in summer
Summary
The successful application of Fish plasma model (FPM) will greatly simplify the risk assessment of drugs. Field work about distribution characteristics of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water and in fish plasma plays a key role in promoting the successful application of FPM. Jia et al [17] has shown that the native water samples from Taihu Lake show estrogenic activity in the laboratory and produce endocrine disorders on organisms indicating the existence of EDCs pollution in Taihu Lake. Several EDCs including E1, E2, E3, and BPA have been investigated in the Taihu Lake [5, 18, 19], with the highest detected concentration up to 194 ng/L for BPA. 17 EDCs including estrogens, androgens, adrenocortical hormones, progesterones, and industrial compounds were detected in the northern Taihu Lake in a recent study [20]. Current work only focuses on the northern Taihu Lake, and the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of EDCs in the Taihu Lake need further research
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