Abstract

Abstract. We analyse deformation bands related to horizontal contraction with an intermittent period of horizontal extension in Miocene turbidites of the Whakataki Formation south of Castlepoint, Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand. In the Whakataki Formation, three sets of cataclastic deformation bands are identified: (1) normal-sense compactional shear bands (CSBs), (2) reverse-sense CSBs, and (3) reverse-sense shear-enhanced compaction bands (SECBs). During extension, CSBs are associated with normal faults. When propagating through clay-rich interbeds, extensional bands are characterised by clay smear and grain size reduction. During contraction, sandstone-dominated sequences host SECBs, and rare CSBs, that are generally distributed in pervasive patterns. A quantitative spacing analysis shows that most outcrops are characterised by mixed spatial distributions of deformation bands, interpreted as a consequence of overprint due to progressive deformation or distinct multiple generations of deformation bands from different deformation phases. As many deformation bands are parallel to adjacent juvenile normal faults and reverse faults, bands are likely precursors to faults. With progressive deformation, the linkage of distributed deformation bands across sedimentary beds occurs to form through-going faults. During this process, bands associated with the wall-, tip-, and interaction-damage zones overprint earlier distributions resulting in complex spatial patterns. Regularly spaced bands are pervasively distributed when far away from faults. Microstructural analysis shows that all deformation bands form by inelastic pore collapse and grain crushing with an absolute reduction in porosity relative to the host rock between 5 % and 14 %. Hence, deformation bands likely act as fluid flow barriers. Faults and their associated damage zones exhibit a spacing of 9 m on the scale of 10 km and are more commonly observed in areas characterised by higher mudstone-to-sandstone ratios. As a result, extensive clay smear is common in these faults, enhancing the sealing capacity of faults. Therefore, the formation of deformation bands and faults leads to progressive flow compartmentalisation from the scale of 9 m down to about 10 cm – the typical spacing of distributed, regularly spaced deformation bands.

Highlights

  • Deformation bands (DBs) are defined as tabular, oblate zones of localised plastic shear and volume change produced through inelastic yielding in granular material (Aydin, 1977, 1978; Aydin and Johnson, 1983; Okubo and Schultz, 2005; Schultz and Siddharthan, 2005)

  • Non-FDZ deformation bands We examined D3 shear-enhanced compaction bands (SECBs) and compactional shear bands (CSBs) with apparently constant spacing from 28 outcrops where damage zones were not clearly detected; the damage was not associated with a nearby fault

  • We shall first discuss the association of host-rock properties and tectonic regime with deformation band kinematics and the spatial distribution of bands before concluding with remarks on the implications for fluid flow in this deformed rock package hosted within a subduction wedge

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Summary

Introduction

Deformation bands (DBs) are defined as tabular, oblate zones of localised plastic shear and volume change produced through inelastic yielding in granular material (porosity > 5 %) (Aydin, 1977, 1978; Aydin and Johnson, 1983; Okubo and Schultz, 2005; Schultz and Siddharthan, 2005). The kinematics are commonly linked to stress state through the cam-cap model of yielding and band formation (Fig. 1) (Wong et al, 1992; Schultz and Siddharthan, 2005; Fossen et al, 2007). In this approach, the yield envelope of porous granular media is represented by a non-linear surface in Q–P space within which Q and P signify differential stress and effective mean stress respectively:

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