Distribution, ecological, and health risk assessment of trace elements in the surface seawater along the littoral of Tangier Bay (Southwestern Mediterranean Sea)

Abstract

In the current study, an environmental assessment of surface seawater in Tangier Bay was conducted by analyzing physicochemical parameters and trace elements, such as As, Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu. The results showed mean concentrations (μg/l) of 22.50 for As, 0.46 for Cr, 8.57 for Zn, 15.41 for Cd, 0.23 for Pb, and 1.83 for Cu. While most trace elements met the guidelines, elevated levels of Cd raised concerns about long-term exposure. Pollution indices, including the contamination factor, degree of contamination, and water quality index, indicate the impact of human activities, dividing sites into arsenic‐cadmium contamination, wastewater influence, and low pollution levels. Statistical methods, such as ANOVA, revealed no significant differences in trace element levels across the bay. PCA and HCA revealed that Cr, Cu, and Zn originated from common anthropogenic sources, whereas Pb and Cd originated from distinct sources. As indicates that natural geological processes influence its origin.